Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

A urinary tract infection occurs when bacteria enter and multiply within any part of the urinary system. The infection typically begins in the lower urinary tract, affecting the urethra and bladder.

Without proper treatment, UTIs can spread to the kidneys, potentially leading to more severe complications. Prompt treatment helps to avoid complications and provides relief from unpleasant symptoms.

Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Prevention FAQ

Symptoms of UTI

A urinary tract infection can present with various symptoms, which may differ in severity and combination among individuals.

Burning During Urination

The infection irritates the urinary tract lining, causing a sharp or burning pain when passing urine. This sensation often persists throughout the urination process.

Frequent Urination

Patients experience an increased need to urinate, often passing smaller amounts each time due to bladder irritation. This symptom may worsen at night.

Changes in Urine Appearance

The presence of bacteria and white blood cells in the urine causes changes in its appearance, making it cloudy or darker, with a strong, unpleasant odour.

Lower Abdominal Pain

The infection can cause discomfort or pressure in the pelvic area and lower abdomen, which may increase during urination.

Blood in Urine

Some patients notice pink, red, or cola-coloured urine due to blood cells present during infection. This condition, known as haematuria, requires medical evaluation.

Fatigue

The body’s immune response to the infection can lead to tiredness, general malaise, and decreased energy levels.

Causes and Risk Factors

Urinary tract infections can be caused by a number of factors, with certain conditions being particularly significant.

Bacterial Entry

E. coli bacteria from the digestive tract entering the urinary system cause approximately 80-90% of UTIs. These bacteria typically spread from the anal area to the urethral opening.
Female anatomy

Women experience UTIs more frequently than men because of a shorter urethra, which shortens the distance bacteria must travel to reach the bladder.
Sexual Activity

Regular sexual activity can introduce bacteria to the urinary tract. Women who use spermicides or diaphragms face an increased risk due to potential bacterial growth.
Menopause

Hormonal changes alter the urinary tract’s bacterial balance and reduce vaginal oestrogen levels, making infections more likely in postmenopausal women.
Catheter Use

Urinary catheters create a direct pathway for bacteria to enter the bladder. Long-term catheter use significantly increases infection risk.
Urinary Tract Abnormalities

Structural differences in the urinary system can prevent complete bladder emptying, creating environments where bacteria thrive.
Diabetes

High blood sugar levels create favourable conditions for bacterial growth in the urinary tract and may impair immune system response.

Diagnostic Methods

Urinalysis

This initial test examines a urine sample for white blood cells, red blood cells, and bacteria. The test checks for nitrites and leukocyte esterase, which indicate bacterial presence. A microscopic analysis identifies the type and quantity of bacteria present in the sample.

Urine Culture

The laboratory grows bacteria from your urine sample to identify the specific type causing the infection. This process typically takes 24-48 hours and helps determine effective antibiotic treatment. The culture also reveals the concentration of bacteria, providing insight into the infection’s severity.

Treatment Options

Antibiotics: A short course of antibiotics is typically prescribed based on symptoms and urine test results. Treatment usually lasts 3–7 days for uncomplicated infections, while complicated cases may require a longer course. Commonly used antibiotics include trimethoprim, nitrofurantoin, and amoxicillin, depending on the bacteria identified and local resistance patterns.
Pain Management: Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as paracetamol or ibuprofen, can help reduce discomfort, fever, and inflammation while the infection clears.
Fluid Intake: Drinking plenty of fluids, particularly water, helps flush bacteria from the urinary tract and supports kidney function. Staying well-hydrated may aid recovery and reduce bacterial concentration in the urine.

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Prevention and Management

Preventive measures can help reduce bacterial entry and growth in the urinary system. Regular urination and fully emptying the bladder flush bacteria before they have a chance to multiply. Staying hydrated supports healthy urinary flow, while wiping front to back minimises bacterial spread. Urinating after sexual activity can also help prevent infection. Wearing cotton underwear and avoiding tight clothing creates a less favourable environment for bacterial growth.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

When should I seek medical advice for UTI symptoms?

Seek medical attention if you experience burning during urination, increased urgency or frequency, or lower abdominal discomfort. Immediate care is recommended if symptoms include fever, lower back pain, nausea, or blood in the urine, as these may indicate a more serious infection.

Will I need a follow-up appointment?

Most UTIs resolve with a single course of antibiotics. However, a follow-up may be necessary if symptoms persist, return after treatment, or if infections occur frequently. In such cases, further testing may be required to identify underlying causes.

How quickly do UTI symptoms improve with antibiotics?

Symptoms often begin to improve within 24–48 hours of starting antibiotics. However, completing the full prescribed course is necessary to fully clear the infection and reduce the risk of recurrence or antibiotic resistance.

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